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Knitting is the process of using two or more needles to loop yarn into a series of interconnected loops in order to create a finished garment or some other type of fabric. The word is derived from ''knot'', thought to originate from the Dutch verb ''knutten'', which is similar to the Old English ''cnyttan'', to knot. Its origins lie in the basic human need for clothing for protection against the elements. More recently, hand knitting has become less a necessary skill and more a hobby. == Early origins of knitting == Knitting is a technique of producing fabric from a strand of yarn or wool. Unlike weaving, knitting does not require a loom or other large equipment, making it a valuable technique for nomadic and non-agrarian peoples. The oldest knitted artifacts are socks from Egypt, dating from the 11th century AD.〔''Tissus d'Égypte: témoins du monde arabe, VIIIe. - XVe. siècles''. Collection Bouvier, Exposition 1993-1994, Musée d'art et d'histoire à Genève. 1994, Institut du monde arabe à Paris. ISBN 9782908528527.〕 They are a very fine gauge, done with complex colorwork and some have a short row heel, which necessitates the purl stitch. These complexities suggest that knitting is even older than the archeological record can prove.〔http://www.knitty.com/ISSUEspring06/FEAThistory101.html〕 Earlier pieces having a knitted or crocheted appearance have been shown to be made with other techniques, such as Nålebinding, a technique of making fabric by creating multiple loops with a single needle and thread, much like sewing.〔Dorothy K. Burnham. "Coptic Knitting: An Ancient Technique". Pasold Research Fund, 1970.〕 Some artifacts have a structure so similar to knitting, for example, 3rd-5th century CE Romano-Egyptian toe-socks, that it is thought the "Coptic stitch" of nalbinding is the forerunner to knitting. Most histories of knitting place its origin somewhere in the Middle East, and from there it spread to Europe by Mediterranean trade routes and later to the Americas with European colonization.〔Zilboorg, Anna. ''Fancy Feet: Traditional Knitting Patterns of Turkey''. Lark Book. 1994. ISBN 9780937274750. Paperback edition titled ''Simply Socks: 45 Traditional Turkish Patterns to Knit''. Lark Books. 2001. ISBN 9781887374590.〕 == Early European Knitting == The earliest known knitted items in Europe were made by Muslim knitters employed by Spanish Christian royal families. Their high level of knitting skill can be seen in several items found in the tombs in the Abbey of Santa María la Real de Las Huelgas, a royal monastery, near Burgos, Spain. Among them are the knitted cushion covers and gloves found in the tomb of Prince Fernando de la Cerda, who died in 1275. The silk cushion cover was knit at approximately 20 stitches per inch. It included knit patterns reflecting the family armory, as well as the word ''baraka'' ("blessings") in Arabic in stylized Kufic script.〔Rutt, Richard. ''A History of Hand Knitting''. Batsford Ltd. 1987. ISBN 9780934026352.〕〔Gómez-Moreno, Manuel. ''El Panteón Real de las Huelgas de Burgos: los enterramientos de los reyes de León y de Castilla''. Madrid, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Instituto Diego Velázquez. 1946.〕 Numerous other knit garments and accessories, also dating from the mid-13th century, have been found in cathedral treasuries in Spain. There also is a Votic knit fragment dated to late 13th century excavated in Estonia.〔Lyffland, Anneke, ("A study of a 13th-century Votic knit fragment" ).〕 This fragment is knit in a stranded pattern in three colors and was likely part of a mitten cuff. Several paintings from Europe portray the Virgin Mary knitting and date from the 14th century, including ''Our Lady Knitting'' by Tommaso da Modena (circa 1325-1375) and ''Visit of the Angel'', from the right wing of the Buxtehude Altar, 1400–10, by Master Bertram of Minden.〔 These paintings show no knitting pattern; the earliest known knitting pattern was published in 1524. 〔(【引用サイトリンク】title= 98 PATTERN BOOKS FOR EMBROIDERY, LACE, AND KNITTING. (98 Mønsterbøger til Broderi, Knipling og Strikning) )〕 Archaeological finds from medieval cities all over Europe, such as London,〔Crowfoot, Pritchard, Staniland: ''Textiles and Clothing, c.1150–c.1450: Finds from Medieval Excavations in London'' (Medieval Finds from Excavations in London)〕 Newcastle,〔Walton, Penelope: "The Textiles (from the Castle ditch, Newcastle upon Tyne 1974-76)". In: ''Archaeologica Aeliana'', 5th series IX 1981. pp. 190-206.〕 Oslo,〔Kjellberg, Anne: "Tekstiler fra Christianas Bygrunn". In: ''Riksantikvarens Skrifter'' 4, 1981. pp. 231-238〕 Amsterdam,〔Vons-Comis, Sandra Y.: "Medieval Textile Finds from the Netherlands". In: ''Archäologische Textilfunde: Textilsymposium Neumünster 1981'', Neumünster 1982. pp. 151-162.〕 and Lübeck,〔Schlabow, Karl: "Spätmittelalterliche Textilfunde aus der Lübecker Altstadtgrabung 1952". In: ''Zeitschrift des Vereins für Lübeckische Geschichte und Altertumskunde'' 36, 1956. pp. 133-153.〕 as well as tax lists, prove the spread of knitted goods for everyday use from the 14th century onward. Like many archaeological textiles, most of the finds are only fragments of knitted items so that in most cases their former appearance and use is unknown. One of the exceptions is a 14th or 15th century woollen child's cap from Lübeck.〔 Although the purl stitch was used in some of the earliest knitted items in Egypt, its knowledge may have been lost in Europe. The first European purl stitches appear in the mid-16th century, in the red silk stockings in which Eleanora de Toledo, wife of Cosimo de Medici, was buried, and which also include the first lacy patterns made by yarn-overs,〔Rutt, Richard. ''A History of Hand Knitting''. Batsford Ltd. 1987. ISBN 9780713451184.〕〔Orsi Landini, Roberta. ''Moda a Firenze, 1540-1580: lo stile di Eleonora di Toledo e la sua influenza''. Florence: Pagliai Polistampa, 2005. ISBN 9788883048678.〕 but the technique may have been developed slightly earlier. The English Queen Elizabeth I herself favored silk stockings; these were finer, softer, more decorative and much more expensive than those of wool. Stockings reputed to have belonged to her still exist, demonstrating the high quality of the items specifically knitted for her. During this era the manufacture of stockings was of vast importance to many Britons, who knitted with fine wool and exported their wares. Knitting schools were established as a way of providing an income to the poor. The fashion of the period, requiring men to wear short trunks, made fitted stockings a fashion necessity. Stockings made in England were sent to the Netherlands, Spain, and Germany. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「History of knitting」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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